maRfoo' / maNsoob / maJroor - I'rab/Grammar.


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In Arabic Grammar, words have 3 main forms. These forms are called; maRfoo', maNsoob, and maJroor.

maRfoo' - a Damma/Peysh is on the 3rd root letter. [Subject]
maNsoob - a Fat-ha/Zabar is on the 3rd root letter. [Object]
maJroor - a Kasra/Zeyr is on the 3rd root letter. [Possession]



MaRfoo' (Raf' = Damma/Peysh on last/3rd root letter)

[Nominative - Subject being discussed] :

1 - Default useage: the maRfoo' mode will be used on most words which are Subjects' in the sentence.
I.e. al baytU al kabeerU - the big house.

2 - MuDaf (Possessed i.e. owned).
i.e. baytUllahi = House of Allah.
[baytU is the house -the subject- being discussed in the sentence (which is owned by Allah), so it is in maRfoo' form.]

3 - Yaa [Nida' - of Calling out Aloud], has 1 Damma on the word after it.
i.e. Yaa BilaalU! (O Bilaal!)




MaNsoob (Nasb - Fat-ha/zabar on last/3rd root letter.)

[Accusative - marking Direct Object of verb.]


1 - Marking Direct Object of the verb.

i.e. UHibbullahA = I Love Allah.
I Love (HibbU) [Subject/Verb (Fi'l)] Allah [Direct Object (called: Maf'ul bihi)].

So Direct Object being referred to in this sentence is Allah, so it is in Nasb form.


2 - Time [Darf].
(i.e. Saa'atA = Hour.)


3 - the word "Kam" ('How Many').

the Noun after it is Nasb [fat-ha on last letter] and Singular.

(i.e. "Kam kitaabAn = How Many book? " )
(Normally it should be kitaabUn [Singular/Subject], and plural is kutubun.

However, kitaabAn [
كِتَابَا ] is singular and Nasb form - AND has an extra letter Alif attached at the end in writing*.
*Exception: This does not occur if the last letter was a [ ة ] Taa marboota on a word.)



4 - A Haal/Condition is in Nasb form.


5 - a Preposition word which indicates an Object:


i.e. [
إيَّ] ayyA [=which.]
(i.e. ayyA shay'in TuHibbu? = Which thing [object] You Love?)



6 - Warning and Emphasising an Object:

(i.e. Hadeeth: "AllahA fee aS-haabee"


[
اللهَ في اصحَابي] - (Fear) Allah! In [regard to] my Companions!]


7 - Calling out Loud [Nida'] to a direct Object.

(i.e. Yaa 'abdAllahi = O slave of Allah!)

[similar to Nasb rule 1.]



MaJroor (Jarr - Kasra/zeyr on last/3rd root letter.)

[Possession - marking Possession (Possessor).]


1 - MuDaf IlayH ('possessed to him') = Possessor.

i.e. abdUllahi = slave of Allah

[Allah is Possessor - so it is in Jarr form = Allahi].



2 - Harf al Jarr - Prepositions:

Prepositions: (i.e. Bi [with], Fee [In], Ilaa [To], Min [From], Li [For], Ma'a [With], 'Alaa [Upon], Hat-taa [Until], Wa [And], Ka [(as Prefix) = Like], 'An [in regards to], Mundhu [Since]...


Whatever word comes after these (and other Prepositions) is maJroor.
i.e. Fee baytIh = In his House.

NOTE: [except Mabni (
مَبْني) words = words which do not change their Cases, but stay as they are permanently].


3 - Amaama & Khalfa:

Amaama [
امَامَ ]  (= Infront (of))

Khalfa (
خَلفَ ) [= Behind (of)].

The word after either of these is maJroor.

[Note:
a - the word before Amaama and Khalfa is usually a Verb/action.
b - the word after Amaama and Khalfa is usually a Noun/Object.]



4 - 'Inda
[=With/Have].

Noun/Object after it is maJroor.

(i.e. 'Ind-allahI aDheema [عِندَ اللهِ اظيمَ] - with Allah [it was] Great.)


5 - Ma'a [
مَعَ] (=With (someone/thing).

Noun/Object after it is maJroor.

(i.e. Ma'a khaleeliy [مَعَ خليلِي]= With my friend.)



6 - Ba'd [
بَعد] (=After).

Noun/Object after it is maJroor.


(i.e. ba'da darsI [
بَعدَ دَرسِ] - after the Lesson.)



7 - Qabl [
قَبل] (=Before).

It is Mudaf (possessed) - so the Noun after it will be maJroor (Possessor).

[see rule 1 of maJroor.]

(i.e. Qabla-as-SalaatI [
قَبلَ ال صَلاَةِ ] = Before the Prayer.)




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