maRfoo' / maNsoob / maJroor - I'rab/Grammar.
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In Arabic Grammar, words have 3 main forms. These forms are called; maRfoo',
maNsoob, and maJroor.
maRfoo' - a Damma/Peysh is on the 3rd root letter. [Subject]
maNsoob - a Fat-ha/Zabar is on the 3rd root letter. [Object]
maJroor - a Kasra/Zeyr is on the 3rd root letter. [Possession]
MaRfoo' (Raf' = Damma/Peysh on last/3rd root letter)
[Nominative - Subject being discussed] :
1 - Default useage: the maRfoo' mode will be used on most words
which are Subjects' in the sentence.
I.e. al baytU al kabeerU - the big house.
2 - MuDaf (Possessed i.e. owned).
i.e. baytUllahi = House of Allah.
[baytU is the house -the subject- being discussed in the sentence (which is owned
by Allah), so it is in maRfoo' form.]
3 - Yaa [Nida' - of Calling out Aloud], has 1 Damma on the word
after it.
i.e. Yaa BilaalU! (O Bilaal!)
MaNsoob (Nasb - Fat-ha/zabar on last/3rd root letter.)
[Accusative - marking Direct Object of verb.]
1 - Marking Direct Object of the verb.
i.e. UHibbullahA = I Love Allah.
I Love (HibbU) [Subject/Verb (Fi'l)] Allah [Direct Object (called:
Maf'ul bihi)].
So Direct Object being referred to in this sentence is Allah, so it is in Nasb
form.
2 - Time [Darf].
(i.e. Saa'atA = Hour.)
3 - the word "Kam" ('How Many').
the Noun after it is Nasb [fat-ha on last letter]
and Singular.
(i.e. "Kam kitaabAn = How Many book? " )
(Normally it should be kitaabUn [Singular/Subject], and plural is
kutubun.
However, kitaabAn [ كِتَابَا ] is singular and Nasb form - AND has an extra letter Alif attached at the end in
writing*.
*Exception:
This does not occur if the last letter was a [ ة ] Taa marboota on a word.)
4 - A Haal/Condition is in Nasb form.
5 - a Preposition word which indicates an Object:
i.e. [إيَّ] ayyA [=which.]
(i.e. ayyA shay'in TuHibbu? = Which thing [object]
You Love?)
6 - Warning and Emphasising an Object:
(i.e. Hadeeth: "AllahA
fee aS-haabee"
[اللهَ في اصحَابي] - (Fear) Allah! In [regard to] my Companions!]
7 - Calling out Loud [Nida'] to a direct Object.
(i.e. Yaa 'abdAllahi
= O slave of Allah!)
[similar to Nasb rule 1.]
MaJroor (Jarr - Kasra/zeyr on last/3rd root letter.)
[Possession - marking Possession (Possessor).]
1 - MuDaf IlayH ('possessed to him') = Possessor.
i.e. abdUllahi
= slave of Allah
[Allah is Possessor - so it is in Jarr form = Allahi].
2 - Harf al Jarr - Prepositions:
Prepositions: (i.e. Bi [with], Fee [In], Ilaa [To],
Min [From], Li [For], Ma'a [With], 'Alaa [Upon], Hat-taa
[Until], Wa [And], Ka [(as Prefix) = Like], 'An [in
regards to], Mundhu [Since]...
Whatever word comes after these (and other Prepositions) is maJroor.
i.e. Fee baytIh = In his House.
NOTE: [except Mabni (مَبْني) words = words which do not change their Cases, but stay as they are
permanently].
3 - Amaama & Khalfa:
Amaama [ امَامَ ] (= Infront (of))
Khalfa ( خَلفَ ) [= Behind (of)].
The word after either of these is maJroor.
[Note:
a - the word before Amaama and Khalfa is usually a Verb/action.
b - the word after Amaama and Khalfa is usually a Noun/Object.]
4 - 'Inda
[=With/Have].
Noun/Object after it is maJroor.
(i.e. 'Ind-allahI
aDheema [عِندَ اللهِ اظيمَ] - with Allah [it was] Great.)
5 - Ma'a [مَعَ] (=With (someone/thing).
Noun/Object after it is maJroor.
(i.e. Ma'a khaleeliy
[مَعَ خليلِي]= With my
friend.)
6 - Ba'd [بَعد] (=After).
Noun/Object after it is maJroor.
(i.e. ba'da darsI
[بَعدَ دَرسِ] - after the
Lesson.)
7 - Qabl [قَبل] (=Before).
It is Mudaf (possessed) - so the Noun after it will be maJroor (Possessor).
[see rule 1 of
maJroor.]
(i.e. Qabla-as-SalaatI [ قَبلَ ال صَلاَةِ ] = Before the
Prayer.)
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